Online Health

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of death from cancer world-wide, and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in developing countries. Cervical cancer is most often diagnosed in middle-aged women, with half of those diagnosed between the ages of 35 and 55. Cervical cancer is very rarely seen in women less than 20 years of age, but approximately 20% of cases occur in women over 65, demonstrating the necessity of continued screening procedures. Cervical cancer is a major health issue for women worldwide. Cervical cancer is different to the majority of other cancers in that infection with a virus is present in 99% of all cervical cancers diagnosed. Cervical cancer is not caused by genetic changes that can be passed down through families, so is not thought to be hereditary. Cervical cancer is believed to be a slow growing cancer and a Pap smear at the ages of 30, 40 and 50 was regarded as a smart way to manage this epidemic. Cervical cancer is caused primarily by certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. Cervical cancer is preventable and can be treated effectively provided women know about the disease and the means to detect and prevent it; many women in Latin America and the Caribbean do not know about cervical cancer or about available screening and treatment programs. Cervical cancer is a significant reproductive health problem in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, which have one of the world’s highest incidence and mortality rates for the disease, according to IARC (see Table 1).

Cervical Cancer is a disease in which the cells of the cervix become abnormal and start to grow uncontrollably, forming tumors. Cervical cancer is usually preceded by dysplasia, precancerous changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable kinds of cancer. Cervical cancer is divided into two stages; early or pre-invasive stage, and the late or invasive stage. Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers where we know what causes it, and that’s through infection with a sexually transmitted virus called Human Papilloma Virus, or HPV. Cervical cancer is also classed as microinvasive, which means the cancer has only superficially invaded the cervix and has not spread to other organs, or invasive, which means the cancer has spread deeper into the cervix and possibly into the vagina, surrounding lymph nodes or other tissues near the pelvic area. Cervical Cancer is almost always fatal if it is not detected and treated. Cervical cancer is easily prevented with early screening and treatment. Cervical cancer is estimated to have been responsible for almost 260 000 deaths in 2005, of which about 80% occurred in developing countries. Cervical cancer is a deadly form of cancer that sees 10,000 new cases and kills 4,000 women in the US alone yearly. Cervical cancer is extremely rare in women under the age of 25. The best way to prevent cervical cancer is to have sex with those whose sexual history you know to be free of disease. The best method of detecting cervical cancer is for women to attend for regular cervical screening. The risk of developing cervical cancer is approximately 1 in 10,000 women. In South Africa a woman’s risk of developing cervical cancer is one in 26. Unlike some cancers, cervical cancer is slow growing and can take a long time to develop; the average is around ten years. Studies have shown that the five-year relative survival rate for the earliest stages of invasive cervical cancer is 92%. Fortunately, when detected at an early stage, cervical cancer is highly curable. Remember, the best way to avoid falling victim to cervical cancer is to take many preventative measures.

You can find some interesting presentations on adolescent health here:

http://www.bibalex.org/supercourse/SupercoursePPT/27011-28001/27831.ppt
http://nahic.ucsf.edu/downloads/SAMMillarAward.ppt
http://www.sante.gov.ma/departements/dp/site_front_page/fichiers/documentation%20diverse%20sur%20les%20jeunes/Presentation%20sharma.ppt
http://www.mcs.bc.ca/ahs_4_presentation.ppt
http://www.indmedica.com/journals/ppt/Adolescent%20Health-An%20Overview_dr_chopra.ppt
http://www.dmas.virginia.gov/downloads/ln-EPDST_bright_futures_mental_health.ppt

You always need to be aware of breast implant side effects. If there is a problem and you know what’s happening, you’ll know what to do. No implant will last forever. Implants can break or rupture, causing deflation. Many ruptures result from the natural aging of the implant, excessive compression to the breast, or trauma to the breast. The most noticeable effect is that the size and shape of the breast change. Depending on the size of the rupture, changes in breast appearance can occur over a few days or over a very long period of time.

Breast Feeding
Many breast implant patients successfully breast feed; however, breast implants may interfere with breast feeding.
Your plastic surgeon should always know about your plans to breast feed. It may impact the surgical technique.

Mammography

There is a risk that breast implants may impede breast cancer detection. During mammography, X-ray, or ultrasound the implants could hide suspicious tumors. Treatment providers must take special care of breast-implant patients during breast examinationss. Additional views are required, which take additional time for imaging. When you make a mammography appointment, tell the receptionist about your implants so they can schedule the extra time for the examination.

The radiologist needs to use special imaging: "Eklund displacement views." Eklund views maximize what is seen of the breast tissue to better detect tumors or lesions. Eklund views are done in addition to the standard views.

Just before the actual mammograms begin, tell the radiology technician about the breast implants. This helps ensure that the technician includes Eklund displacement views in the examination.

Mammography also compresses the breasts, which increases the chance of a rupture.

Loss of Sensation in the breast area or nipples

After breast surgery, some implant patients experience loss of sensation in the nipple and breast area. Loss of sensation results from damage to nerve endings in the breast and nipple. The loss of sensation is often temporary, but it can be permanent. The surgical technique can play a role in this complication. Your surgeon can determine the most appropriate implant and surgical technique to minimize loss of sensation. Read more about the breast sensitivity side effect.

There have been studies of possible harmful effects of breast implant materials leaking or leaching into the surrounding breast tissue. The studies concluded that there is insufficient evidence of harmful effects for implant materials that are approved by the FDA. These FDA-approved materials are also widely used in other types of medical implants, including pacemakers, intraocular lenses, artificial joints, and other medical devices.
Learn more about breast implants
Rupture

Mammography sometimes compresses the breast implant enough to cause rupture. According to the FDA and medical literature, there were reports of 58 breast implant ruptures during mammography from 1992 to 2002. Technicians must take special care to ensure that excessive pressure is not placed on the breasts.

Typically, surgery is needed to remove a deflated breast implant. Most women decide to have the implants replaced. For those women who do not have their implants replaced, dimpling or puckering of the breast may appear following removal.
Ask Your Doctor

Before you have surgery, discuss possible side effects with a board-certified plastic surgeon who has experience in breast augmentation. Selecting the right plastic surgeon, following pre- and postoperative instructions, and setting realistic expectations for your implant size and shape, can help you avoid side effects.

Mental health disorder is a behavioral  or psychological pattern which occurs in an individual.  It is thought to cause distress or disability that is not expected as part of normal development or culture.

 Definitions, assessments, and classifications of mental disorders can vary. Guideline criteria listed in specific manuals are widely accepted by mental health professionals. Categories of diagnoses in these schemes may include dissociative, disorders, anxiety, psychotic, eating, developmental, personality and many other disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause of mental disorders, although they are often explained in terms of a diathesis-stress model and biopsychosocial model.

Childhood disorders, often labeled as developmental disorders or learning disorders, most often occur and are diagnosed when the child is of school-age. Although some adults may also relate to some of the symptoms of these disorders, typically the disorder’s symptoms need to have first appeared at some point in the person’s childhood.

Mental disorders have been found to be common, with over a third of people in most countries reporting sufficient criteria at some point in their life. Mental health services may be based in hospitals. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals using different methodologies, often relying on case history and interview. Psychotherapy and psychiatric medication are two major treatment options, as well as supportive interventions. Treatment may be involuntary where legislation allows. Several movements campaign for changes to mental health services and attitudes, including the Consumer/Survivor Movement. There are widespread problems with stigma and discrimination.

Personality disorders typically aren’t diagnosed until an individual is a young adult, often not until their 20’s or even 30’s. Most individuals with personality disorders lead pretty normal lives and often only seek psychotherapeutic treatment during times of increased stress or social demands. Most people can relate to some or all of the personality traits listed; the difference is that it does not affect most people’s daily functioning to the same degree it might someone diagnosed with one of these disorders. Personality disorders tend to be an intergral part of a person, and therefore, are difficult to treat or "cure."

Mental disorders typically aren’t diagnosed until an individual is a young adult, often not until their 20’s or even 30’s. Most individuals with personality disorders lead pretty normal lives and often only seek psychotherapeutic treatment during times of increased stress or social demands. Most people can relate to some or all of the personality traits listed; the difference is that it does not affect most people’s daily functioning to the same degree it might someone diagnosed with one of these disorders. Personality disorders tend to be an intergral Mental disorders are common in the United States and internationally. An estimated 26.2 percent of Americans ages 18 and older — about one in four adults — suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. When applied to the 2004 U.S. Census residential population estimate for ages 18 and older, this figure translates to 57.7 million people.2Even though mental disorders are widespread in the population, the main burden of illness is concentrated in a much smaller proportion — about 6 percent, or 1 in 17 — who suffer from a serious mental illness.1 In addition, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the U.S. and Canada for ages 15-44.3 Many people suffer from more than one mental disorder at a given time. Nearly half (45 percent) of those with any mental disorder meet criteria for two or more disorders, with severity strongly related to comorbidity.art of a person, and therefore, are difficult to treat or "cure."

A lot of couples these days experience problems with having a baby. Women´s bodies programmed by nature to concieve, carry and give birth to a healthy child are now refusing these natural steps in either stage. What are the causes of this situation?

1) People lived much healthier lives in the past. Our bodies are now loaded with poisons from our food, drinks, air we breathe and environment we live in.

2) A lot of couples plan to have a baby much later, than it was in the past. Career is now in the first place and when we decide it is "the right time" for becoming parents, we are over 30 years old, which increases the risks for having problems with conception.

The information provided on this site is not a substitute for professional medical advice and care. If you have specific needs, please see a professional health care provider.